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By 1941, Britain was suffering immensely from ?嗉€???銝?蝘飛摰塚?靘??敺猾€批?瘣????扳?嫖€折?拙?隢?damages done by the Second World War. Resources ?潑€批??寥?嚗漲撠撠潸正???潛???Ｖ??箔??之鞎Ｙ??for scientific research were depleted, and Florey was
left with no choice but to make his way to the United 1928撟?????憭抬?撘???祕撽恕??敹?皜?蝝啗?
States to further his research. A team was assembled ?寥??踴€憭拙?嚗??撖阡?摰歹??潛?嗡葉銝€?擗?折鈭?嚗?in Peoria, Illinois, which Heatley was also a part of. A 雿???蒂瘝?蝝啗??????身?車?輕???e n icillium
growth medium based on liquid extract was used to notatum ??賢葆?畾箸香蝝啗??鞈迎?銝血??鞈芸??文側
grow the mold, and gave a tenfold increase in yield 镼踵??????寥??車?蒂銝捆??????????寞?雿踹?脣鈭?[1]. However, the team was determined to find another 擃漲銝??€之???Ｙ撠潸正?撮銋云?圈嚗??砌漲憭芣?鞎氬€?strain of bacteria that was capable of producing a
higher amount of penicillin, to solve the problem of 撘????潛?航??箇?摮詨振撣嗡?鈭圾瘙箸??????蝝?
mass-producing the antibiotic. 憿?蝚砌???蝷箝€?938撟湛??拙??揖憭批飛??摮詨振??撘?鋆?
?Ｘ嚗??啣?????文側镼踵???蝡?瘙箏??弦?孵???蝝??? In 1943, the team was still hard at work in finding a ?€?拍?銝惇撣?????券€????寞??蝝漲頛??
new strain. A new mold, Penicillium chrysogenum, was 撠潸正?€??寥????詨??雯???豢??舀毽??隞仿??鈭?擗?
found in cantaloupe. It produced penicillin 200 times ?釭?敺?閰脫雯擃€???蝟餌絞撘?唳偌銝茉1]?€??瑕?銋曄
more than Fleming? strain did. Additional refining 瘜?靘輯敺1%蝝漲?撠潸正???怒€€瘜?蝘飛摰嗅??啗雲憭?gave rise to a further five-fold increase in yield [1]. ?撠潸正?撠€??脰?撖阡????＊蝷綽?鋡急釣撠???撅祉敦?? ?€?敺?文側镼踵?敺噶??鈭2]?? The mass production of penicillin was in near
success when Heatley surprised the team with his ?唬?1941 撟湛??勗??蝚砌?甈∩??之?啣??圈?憭扳???蝘飛
innovation ??by mechanizing his back-extraction ?弦??皞?頞喉?撘?鋆?蝢?蝜潛??弦???其??抵姥撌
method by using whatever materials he could find, 憟折?鈭?蝯?鈭???撣?漲?舀??∩?銝€??摮詨振?其誑?掖??
including drink bottles and milk churns, to speed up ?拍?箇??擗靘擗?嚗?????€1]???荔??弦??
the production process and reduce manual labor. 瘙箏??曉?虫??頂?敦??隞亦??Ｘ憭??文側镼踵?嚗圾瘙箏之????Furthermore, another problem was tackled when ??蝝?????glyceryl monoricinolate, an antifoaming agent, was
added to the mixtures to prevent severe foaming 1943撟湛???靘?游?撠?啁??頂??????葉?潛
when sterile air was bubbled, to provide the mold with ???輕嚗??賜??Ｘ?撘????頂憭?00???文側镼踵?嚗?憭?
fresh air for penicillin production [1]. ???渲雿輻?????1]??
At this point, penicillin could be produced in 撣???菜銝餅?霈?摮詨振?Ｗ之???Ｙ撠潸正???餈?
quantities large enough to be packaged for soldiers 甇乓€??寥??隞颱?隞敺????靘?憌脫??嗅??扒?芣??剁?
of the war, preventing further deaths caused by 雿蹂??€??瘜?璇啣?嚗?敹怎??ａ€漲??撠犖?極雿€迨憭?
bacterial infections. The antibiotic was only made ?銝€蝔桀??箇?瘝孵?獄瘝寥?舐?瘨部???湧??絲瘜⊥?瘜?available to the general public in 1945, upon the ?箇嚗?暺渲??擙桃征瘞???Ｙ撠潸正?1]??end of the Second World War. Following their pivotal
achievement, other scientists combined efforts into 甇斗?嚗撠潸正?歇蝬隞亥◤憭折??嚗?雲隞乩??????creating different kinds of antibiotics that targeted ?ㄚ?蛛??脫迫?敦???€??香鈭～€??945撟渡洵鈭活銝?憭?other bacteria, some of which could not be killed by ?啁?????蝝?靘策憭抒雿輻????嗡?蝘飛摰嗡漲???銝?penicillin. ?車憿???蝝????嗡?蝔桅??敦???嗡葉鈭血??砌?鈭撠潸正?? 銝畾箸香?敦?€? While Heatley unfortunately did not receive the
recognition he deserved for his key contribution to ?箸撘?鋆€?拙?撘?????弦銝剖?敺???嚗誑??the development of the antibiotic, Florey and Chain ?箏?靘????弦?€?芯??楝嚗??1945撟游???唬?隢曇?
shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine with Alexander ?曄??飛?摮貊?????荔?撣?蒂瘝???隞??文側镼?Fleming in 1945 [3], for their joint efforts on their work on ?撅??之鞎Ｙ敺?貊迂???琉3]?撠潸正???潛??敺?penicillin, and for paving the way for future studies on ?嗡???蝝??潭?嚗?怠飛蝘飛??銝剔??之頧暺?憭批之??antibiotics. Their groundbreaking discovery of penicillin 霈??亦?蝙?剁?銝行???訾誑?曇閮????and subsequent invention of antibiotics proved to
be a revolutionary turning point in medical science,
changing the way in which medicine was practiced,
and undoubtedly saving the lives of millions.

?文側镼踵??舀?撣貊????銋?嚗隞鼠?拐??⊥??鈭箝€?
銝?鈭粹?仿?嚗撠潸正??梯??摮詨振鈭風撅勗之?批????潛?€?
References ?€???
[1] American Chemical Society. Discovery and Development of Penicillin. American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical

Landmarks. Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html
[2] B矇doy癡re, G. The Discovery of Penicillin. London: Evan Brothers Limited, 2005.
[3] Rooney, Anne. The Story of Medicine. London: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 2009.

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