8 The details of the work from COP27 to COP28 in 2023 are technical in nature and centres around taking a “structured approach” that included vulnerability and risk assessments, adaptation planning, knowledge transfer, finance, and monitoring and evaluation, with themes covering various topics including cities, oceans and coastal ecosystems, health, food, and water. The GGA’s approach as part of the UNFCCC’s process should be open, transparent, cross-cutting, and inclusive with sources of information coming from various IPCC and other authoritative reports, and that there would be several deliberative workshops to agree on issues. Reports are expected at COP28 in 2023 scheduled to be held in Dubai. It should also be noted that close to the time of COP27, other important gatherings took place where climate change was also prominently featured – these included G20 held in Indonesia (15-16 November 2022)9, and APEC held in Thailand (19 November 2022)10, where the relevant governments highlighted the risks associated with climate change and the need for international cooperation. Biodiversity: Conference of the Parties 2021 and 2022 It would have been remiss of CARE2022 to ignore the first part of COP15 (of the UN Conference of the Parties under the Convention of Biological Diversity) relating to biodiversity that was held in Kunming in 2021, and that the second part would be held a few days after CARE2022 in Montreal 2022.11 While biodiversity was not the key focus of CARE2022, it was included in one of the plenaries and one of the workshops on Day 1. The concept of climate resilience requires healthy ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity, and that the topics considered by the climate and biodiversity multilateral treaties were merging. Survey of global risks The World Economic Forum noted in its Global Risks Report 2023 a survey of business leaders how they saw major risks arising in the next 2 years and 10 years – climate and environment risks were prominently featured.12 FIGURE 1.1 Top 10 Risks, Global Risks Report 2023 1 Cost of living crisis 2 Natural disasters and extreme weather events 3 Geoeconomic confrontation 4 Failure to mitigate climate change 5 Erosion of social cohension and societal polarization 6 Large-scale environmental damage incidents 7 Failure of climate-change adaption 8 Widespread cybercrime and cyber insecurity 9 Natural resource crisis 10 Large-scale involuntary migration 2 Years 1 Failure to mitigate climate change 2 Failure of climate-change adaption 3 Natural disasters and extreme weather events 4 Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse 5 Large-scale involuntary migration 6 Natural resource crises 7 Erosion of social cohesion and societal polarization 8 Widespread cybercrime and cyber insecurity 9 Geoeconomic confrontation 10 Large-scale environmental damage incidents 10 Years “Please estimate the likely impact (severity) of the following risks over a 2-year and 10-year period.” Source: World Economic Forum, Global Risks Perception Survey 2022-2023 Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological 1 COP26 to COP27 & Design of CARE2022
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