5 References 參考資料: [1] Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia Government. (2023). Rheobatrachus silus — Southern Gastric-brooding Frog. Species Profile and Threats Database. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/ public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1909 [2] Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia Government. (2023). Rheobatrachus vitellinus — Northern Gastric-brooding Frog, Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog. Species Profile and Threats Database Profile. http:// www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies. pl?taxon_id=1910 [3] Yong, E. (2013, March 15). Resurrecting the Extinct Frog With a Stomach for a Womb. National Geographic. https://www. nationalgeographic.com/science/article/resurrecting-theextinct-frog-with-a-stomach-for-a-womb [4] Tyler, M. J., Shearman, D. J. C., Franco, R., O'Brien, P., Seamark, R. F., & Kelly, R. (1983). Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Gastric Brooding Frog, Rheobatrachus silus. Science, 220(4597), 609–610. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6573024 [5] TED. (2013, June 27). Michael Archer: How we'll resurrect the gastric brooding frog, the Tasmanian tiger [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/ErexJkoDhGI [6] Gouveia, C., Huyser, C., Egli, D., & Pepper, M. S. (2020). Lessons Learned from Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), 2314. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijms21072314 [7] UNSW. (2015, July 6). Back from the dead: Catastrophic Science [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/dirLxqvXQG0 [8] Wondracz, A. (2019, April 2). Mysterious frog that reproduces by regurgitating its young could hold the key to treating stomach ulcers...but it hasn't been seen in almost 40 years. Daily Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6875381/ Gastric-brooding-frog-help-treat-stomach-ulcers.html 多物種的棲息地,尤其影響了許多澳洲獨有的罕見物種,因 此包括 Archer在內有些人認為我們有責任拯救這些瀕危 物種,將牠們帶回原來的棲息地,並盡可能彌補我們過去對 環境造成的破壞。 但這無疑會引申出一連串道德問題。首先,物種衰亡是 自然更替的一部分,地球上不斷會有新物種誕生,也會有現 存物種滅亡,而複製南方胃育蛙使牠其重生某程度上也是在 擾亂大自然生態。按照 Archer 的思路,如果物種因人類行 為滅絕,那我們就應該協助這些物種重返大自然。問題是使 物種滅絕的原因往往不止一個,例如澳洲政府就將致病真 菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis列入胃育蛙滅絕的 可能原因之一 [1, 2]。這裡不是想低估人類在過去一世紀對 大自然造成的破壞,但我們又怎能肯定一個物種是純粹因為 人類影響而滅絕呢?在這種情況下,順其自然又有何不可? 此外,自南方胃育蛙滅絕以來,環境已經變了很多。現 時的昆士蘭山脈無疑與 50 多年前胃育蛙茁壯成長的棲息地 不同。在實驗室孵化後將牠們送到野外,我們可能只是將牠 們送向第二次死亡,因為牠們很大機會無法在野外長時間存 活。在這種情況下,這樣做有甚麼意義嗎?更根本的是,哪 些物種應該被拯救,哪些不應?人類應該扮演上帝嗎?至少, 世界上大多數國家都同意不應該複製人類,使現在我們不能 透過製造複製人生產後備器官。 複製技術無疑為我們帶來了許多未能解答的道德問題; 它是可以一件被善用或誤用的工具,這一線之差將在未來一 段時間引起更多討論。
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