13 Chapter 1. Introduction 第一章 序言 The term phytoplankton originates from the Greek words φυτόν (phyton), meaning 'plant', and πλαγκτός (planktos), meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'. Phytoplankton are small photosynthetic organisms that are typically not visible to the naked eyes. They generally possess pigments and obtain energy through photosynthesis, as terrestrial plants do. Lacking adequate motility, phytoplankton rely on water flow for movement. They can be found in all aquatic environments, from freshwater ponds, to vast oceans. Typically inhabiting euphotic layers to access light, phytoplankton can also be found in coastal sediments and deep ocean waters, with some species exhibiting epiphytic behavior on surfaces such as rocks, sand, macroalgae, or seagrass in intertidal zones. Serving as primary producers in marine ecosystems, phytoplankton, despite their small size, play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles and marine food webs due to their high abundance and rapid growth. Phytoplankton are the base of marine food chain, so changes in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton could greatly influence the stability of marine ecosystem. 浮游植物這個名詞來自於希臘單詞φυτόν（phyton，植物）和 πλαγκτός （planktos， 浮游）的結合。 浮游植物是一類微小的自養生物，絕大多數肉眼不可見。 和陸生 植物一樣，他們一般具有色素，通過光合作用獲取能量。浮游植物沒有較強的運動 能力，大多數時候只能隨著水流移動。浮游植物能夠在從淡水池塘到多種海洋生境 的所有的水生環境中發現。儘管浮游植物為了獲得足夠的光一般生活在真光層，他 們在近岸的沉積物以及大洋的深層也有發現，一些物種还可以附生在潮間帶的岩 石、砂礫、大型海藻和海草表面。 浮游植物是海洋生態系統中的初級生產者。儘 管粒徑小，但歸因於極高的豐度以及快速生長，浮游植物在海洋生態系統以及全球 生物地球化學循環中起到了關鍵的作用。浮游植物是海洋食物鏈的基礎，其豐度和 組成的變化會極大影響海洋生態系統的穩定性。
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