14 Main phytoplankton groups 浮游植物主要類群 Phytoplankton are highly diverse, exhibiting distinct niche segregation in various habitats. They are categorized by size into picophytoplankton (0.2 to 2 µm), nanophytoplankton (2 to 20 µm) and microphytoplankton (larger than 20 µm). Their abundance, biomass, and metabolic rate vary among different marine ecosystems.. Based on morphology, pigment composition and phylogenetic analysis, phytoplankton are primarily composed of cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, raphidophytes, silicoflagellates, cryptophytes, haptophytes, euglenophytes, chlorophytes, and some others. 浮游植物多樣性高，在不同生境有明顯分化。基於粒徑大小，浮游植物可以分為超 微型浮游植物、微型浮游植物和小型浮游植物。他們在海洋生態系統中的豐度、生 物量、代謝速率都有較大差異。 基於形態結構、色素組成等特徵，海洋浮游植物 主包括藍藻、硅藻、甲藻、金藻、針胞藻、硅鞭藻、隱藻、定鞭藻、裸藻、綠藻等。 Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that are widely distributed across various habitats, including the estuarine, coastal, and oceanic waters. They can also be found on intertidal rocks, and as the epiphytes of macroalgae and seagrasses. Some species thrive in extreme environments like hot springs and hypersaline water. They are typically unicellular or forming colonial aggregates. Some of them, such as the filamentous Trichodesmium and certain unicellular species, are capable to fix nitrogen by converting molecular nitrogen (N2) into ammonia, a form usable by phytoplankton. The picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the most abundant phytoplankton in the ocean, contributing about a quarter of net oceanic primary production.
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