240 position of some unique structure on the cell surface including spines, wings, ribs, horns, and fins. 目前已記錄的甲藻近3000個物種。 不同物種的分類鑒定主要有：1，橫溝、縱溝的 位置、形態; 2，甲板的形狀、數目、排列方式;3，細胞表面的特殊結構如刺（spines）、 翼（wings）、肋（ribs）、角（horns）、 鰭（fins）等的有/無、大小、形狀以及位置 等。 Dinoflagellates exhibit three distinct nutritional strategies: phototrophy (autotrophy), mixotrophy, and heterotrophy. Most phototrophic dinoflagellates are free-living, while certain species can function as endosymbionts in association with other organisms. For instance, Symbiodinium species commonly inhabit the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, playing crucial roles in coral ecosystems. Mixotrophic dinoflagellates are photosynthetically active but may also absorb dissolved organic substrates or ingest other organisms. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates lack chloroplasts and rely on capturing and ingesting other organisms for nutrition. Some dinoflagellate species, such as Pfiesteria, exhibit parasitic behavior. 甲藻具有三種營養類型，光合自養型、異養型和兼性營養型。 大多數光合自養甲 藻自由生活，部分物種會內共生於其他生物體內。 例如蟲黃藻，一般生活在熱帶 刺胞動物如珊瑚、海葵和水母的內胚層內，在珊瑚礁生態系統發揮十分重要的作用。 兼性營養型甲藻可以進行光合作用，但也會吸收溶解有機物或攝食其他有機體獲 得營養。 異養型甲藻沒有色素體，主要通過多種方式捕獲、消化其他有機體獲得 營養。 有些甲藻如有害費氏藻營寄生生活。 Approximately 120 species of dinoflagellates have the capability to form blooms in estuaries and coastal areas, including species of Protoperidium, Gymnodinium, Alexandrium, and Prorocentrum. Among these dinoflagellates, around 60 species are known to be toxic, producing toxins such as hemolytic toxin, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), dinophysostoxin (DTX), and okadaic acid. The rapid proliferation of these dinoflagellates poses significant risks to marine ecological environment, fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, and human health.
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