ScienceFocus (issue 009) - page 5

The microwave oven is often misunderstood to cause cancer or is hazardous to health due to the
word “radiation”. It is important to distinguish the different types of radiation. Microwave radiation is
non-ionising, which means that it does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom.
This type of low energy wave will not be able to change the chemistry of biological cells and thus will
not cause cancer or other types of radiation sickness. On the other hand, ionising radiation has a
shorter wavelength, carries much more energy and can cause serious illnesses. X-rays and gamma
rays are some examples.
微波爐和輻射扯上關係,所以往往被人誤會,以為可以致癌或對身體有害。要知道有不同類形的輻
射。微波爐的輻射是「非遊離輻射」,能量不足以把電子從原子分離。這類低能量的輻射是不會引
起細胞的化學改變,更不會誘發癌症或其他輻射病。至於X射線、伽瑪射線等屬於較短波的「遊離
輻射」,帶有高能量,可以導致嚴重的疾病。
Did You know?
你知道嗎?
3
Further Reading
延伸閱讀
the constantly vacillating water
mo l ecu l es creates the heat
energy required to heat up the
rest of the food via radiation.
Spencer and his colleagues
were able to file a patent for this
novel device by October 1945.
In 1947, the microwave oven
was available for commercial
use but was 1.8 m in height and
came with a hefty pr ice tag
of USD$5,000. Adjust that for
inflation and you would purchase
one of t hes e bad boy s fo r
USD$53,000 – hardly affordable
for a simple k itchen device.
Improvement s to s t reaml i ne
the cost for commercialisation
eventually arrived in the 70s. The
microwave we know today is
present in most households and
comes with different functions
and power outputs, but who
knew this common household
appliance rooted from World
War II research?
多現代發明如飛機或電腦,都
是要經過千錘百煉才能得到,有些卻是
出於偶然。微波爐可以說是最普及的廚
房電器之一,也是二次世界大戰時的意
外發明。當時全世界的創作天才施展渾
身解數,應付來自軍事、間諜、運輸等方
面的需求。有些發明就在無意間轉化為
實用的主流消費品。
相信大家對微波爐都相當熟悉。它
能在短短幾分鐘內將食物加熱,既方便
又安全,已成為廚房必備的器具,也徹
底改變了業界製備食物的過程。你能
想像沒有微波爐的生活嗎?但其實在
1946年才有第一台微波爐出售;直至
1967年,微波爐才出現在家用市場。
培西·史賓賽是這故事的主角。他是
二戰時期的頂尖雷達技術專家,負責研
究即使在黑暗中,亦能探測及追蹤數百
英里之外敵方戰機的軍用雷達,所以會
用到磁控管。磁控管是讓電子在真空與
磁場相互作用,產生較短波長的微波。
當時培西在寒冷的天氣維修短波雷
達,偶然伸手入袋取糖果,發現糖果竟
然在低溫下融化了。培西推斷是由微波
產生熱能,並嘗試以微波加熱爆谷及雞
蛋,後者竟因內壓過大而爆炸。培西更
發現把微波困在金屬箱中,可以提高箱
內溫度加熱食物。
微波是波長1 mm至1 m之間的短
波電磁波的統稱,頻率介於300 MHz至
300 GHz。微波爐所用的電磁波頻率是
2.45 GHz,主要是針對食物中的偶極水
分子。水分子隨著電磁場的極性變化而
轉換方向,不斷搖擺和摩擦產生熱能,
擴散到食物其他部分。
培西和夥伴在1945年10月就這項
發明申請了專利。商用微波爐在1947
年面世,高1.8 m,售價高達5,000美
元。若將通脹計算在內,就相當於今日
的53,000美元。這並不是一般人可以
負擔的廚房設備。經過一番努力控制成
本,微波爐終於在70年代成為大眾普
及的商品。我們今天所看到的微波爐,
幾乎是每家必備,而且有不同的功能和
輸出功率。又有誰知道這平凡的家庭電
器,竟是從二戰硏究中衍生出來呢?
1,2,3,4 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,...28
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