19 回顧 2010 年 FIFA世界盃,當時表面格外光滑的比 賽用球「普天同慶」(Jabulani)就因飛行軌跡飄忽不定 而備受批評。當球的表面過於光滑時,便無法有效地透 過摩擦力「抓住」或帶動周圍空氣,令氣流難以穩定地 附在球面。結果氣流更容易,而且不規則地分離,使球 的空氣動力學行為偏向蝴蝶球效應,而非穩定的馬格努 斯效應。 跨領域的應用:空氣動力學家的工具箱 為了研究「普天同慶」的空氣動力學特性,科學家進 行了風洞實驗,將球固定在支撐桿上,再以特定的風速吹 過球體,直接測量阻力和側向力。數據隨後被應用於電 腦模擬之中,透過解開複雜的流體運動方程來預測和分 析球的飛行路徑 [6]。這套方法不僅用於體育範疇,也廣 泛應用於飛機機翼的研究,以改善升力和操控性;亦應用 於車輛設計,以降低空氣阻力;以及應用於建築,以了解 強風對高樓結構的影響。在 2026 年世界盃賽場上,新一 代比賽用球又會帶來甚麼驚喜?讓我們拭目以待吧。 References 參考資料: [1] Anderson, J. D., & Cadou, C. P. (2023). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. [2] Mehta, R. D. (1985). Aerodynamics of Sports Balls. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 17(1), 151-189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.17.010185.001055 [3] Carré, M. J., Goodwill, S. R., & Haake, S. J. (2005). Understanding the Effect of Seams on the Aerodynamics of an Association Football. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 219(7), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1243/095440605x31463 [4] Kray, T., Franke, J., & Frank, W. (2014). Magnus effect on a rotating soccer ball at high Reynolds numbers. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 124, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jweia.2013.10.010 [5] Goff, J. E. (2010). Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports. Johns Hopkins University Press. [6] Goff, J. E., Asai, T., & Hong, S. (2014). A comparison of Jabulani and Brazuca non-spin aerodynamics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 228(3), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337114526173 [7] Watts, R. G., & Sawyer, E. (1975). Aerodynamics of a knuckleball. American Journal of Physics, 43(11), 960– 963. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.10020 [8] Asai, T., Seo, K., Kobayashi, O., & Sakashita, R. (2007). Fundamental aerodynamics of the soccer ball. Sports Engineering, 10(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/ bf02844207
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