Science Focus ( issue 005 ) - page 13

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References
[1] Hyman, I. E., Pentland, J. (1996). The Role of Mental Imagery in the Creation of False Childhood Memories.
Journal of Memory and
Language
35, 101-117.
[2] Lavilléon, G., Lacroix, M. M., Rondi-Reig, L., Benchenane, K. (2015). Explicit memory creation during sleep demonstrates a causal role of
place cells in navigation.
Nature Neuroscience
. doi: 10.1038/nn.3970
[3] Buzsáki, G. (1989). Two-stage model of memory trace formation: A role for “noisy” brain states.
Neuroscience
,
Volume 31
,
Issue 3
551-570.
業間諜、植入記憶、從思想直接套取資訊,這種
種就像大家所熟悉的電影「潛行兇間」(Inception)的劇
情,但科學家正逐步將這危險的幻想帶進現實。
無論從任何角度而言,植入記憶都絕不是新想法。20世
紀90年代,有一個著名的研究,親屬對參與者講述童年的
真實事蹟,但加插了實際沒有發生的虛假事件。這些揑造
的事件都是關於在商場迷路。之後參與者要回憶每件事情
的細節,評估他們的記憶。結果發現,24名參與者中有5名
錯誤記起沒有發生的事[1]。結果雖然不太令人興奮,但確
實表明了即使是少量的操控也能鑄造記憶。
記憶可以分為兩類︰外顯記憶(explicit memory)和
內隱記憶(implicitmemory)。外顯記憶又稱陳述記憶,
在海馬體形成及暫時存儲。這類記憶隨時可以被徵用,例
子包括:事實、知識、與特定經驗有關的資訊等。相對地,
內隱記憶屬於程序性,指的是已經學習了的技能,例如游
泳或騎自行車。陳述記憶有可能受操縱,也是神經科學家
的主要研究範疇。方法不是像「商場迷路」實驗中所用的技
巧,而是要通過認識海馬體的機理而調整記憶。
已有證據顯示多數在海馬體中的大型錐體細胞,在
導航過程中具有關鍵作用。這些被稱為位置細胞(place
cell) *的神經元,在動物進入總環境中的特定區域時,便
會發出脈衝,讓動物取得訊息[2]。海馬體內還有一類小型
細胞,稱為顆粒細胞。顆粒細胞白天較活躍,而錐體細胞則
在睡眠期間甦醒[3]。前面提及的位置細胞會在睡眠中”重
播”清醒時候的經歷以鞏固記憶。
法國研究人員應用這個機制「操縱」老鼠的記憶。他
們先讓老鼠探索開放的環境,記錄位置細胞產生的活動規
律。這些記憶會在睡眠期間重播,模擬探索時的神經活動
規律。當科學家觀察到這些規律時,不管是在清醒或睡眠
時,都會透過電擊刺激老鼠的內側前腦束(MFB)釋放多
巴胺(感覺良好的激素)以作「獎勵」。老鼠的感受就如同
得到食物一樣。獎勵信號與記憶合併,就將特定的位置與
幸福感連接起來。結果發現,老鼠醒來後,在那特定的位置
停留的時間增加了5倍。這種方法成功創造了新的記憶,令
老鼠以為在那位置獲得過獎勵[2]。
記憶操控具有深遠的影響。例如可用於治療創傷記憶,
改變記憶以減輕病症。這方面的研究,特別是與脅迫和提
示有關的,可以讓依靠證人證詞的執法機構多加警覺。不
過就目前而言,我們可以慶幸只會以動物作這類記憶操縱
實驗。
memories would be ‘replayed’, mimicking the
patterns observed during wakeful exploration.
Wheneve r these pat te r ns we re obse r ved,
either during awake or sleep time, the scientists
‘rewarded’ the mice by stimulating the medial
forebrain bundle (MFB) to cause release of
dopamine (the feel-good hormone). To the mice,
this was the same as being rewarded with food.
The reward signal merged with the memory to
connect one specific part of the total open field
with a sense of happiness. It was found that when
the mice awoke, they spent 5 times more time
at the location connected with the place cells*
which were linked with being rewarded, thus
effectively creating a new memory in the mice –
that a particular location was met with reward [2].
Memor y man ipu lat ion has far- reach i ng
impl ications. For one, it can potential ly be
applied in therapy where traumatic memories
can be altered to become less so. The research in
this area, particularly in coercion and suggestion,
also provides ample warning in relying on witness
testimonies in legal settings. For now, however, we
can be thankful that memory manipulation at
this level has only been attempted on animals.
The importance of the discovery of place
cells by John O’Keefe in 1971 was recognized
this past year by the award of the Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine. The prize was
shared with Edvard and Mary-Brit Moser for
their discovery of a second type of memory
cell known as a ‘grid cell’
約翰•奧基夫在19 7 1年發現了”位置細胞”
(placecells),去年獲頒諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎,
成就的重要性得到認可。該獎項是與愛德華•莫澤和
-
布裡特•莫澤共享,他們發現了另一種記憶細胞”
網格細胞”(grid cell)
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