人
類的耳朵對求救信號特別敏感。任何尖叫聲或者
一句「救我」,都會馬上吸引到各方的注意。其實不難理解
這種反應對物種生存有利。如果附近有人叫「火災呀」,那
你即時會逃生避險。原來,人類的尖叫聲有種特質,會啟
動腦子裏一個部位,引發我們面對危機時的戰鬥或逃跑反
應。
大腦可以針對各種音頻做出不同的反應。我們可以通
過聲音的基頻來判斷說話者的性別。同樣地,當聲波振幅
變化比較慢時,我們稍加留意就可以辨識語氣、語意或情
緒。那麼,為了使自己能夠對求救信號作出快速的反應,
我們理應可以區別正常語音和刺耳聲音,如尖叫聲和警報
聲。的確,這類聲音的振幅變化頻率都是處於30至150 Hz
之間。換句話來說,聲音在強弱間迅速波動[1]。普遍以為
這個音域沒有任何特別的功能,但是最近科學家發現,這
「粗糙度」區間在識別危險方面起著重大作用。
調製功率譜(modulation power spectrum)可以
記錄音量在極短時間內的變化。以此方法分析日常話語,
發 現 相 比 於唱歌或說話,尖叫聲的粗糙度明顯地強烈。
即使有些語言聽來似乎粗獷,其粗糙度實在
比不上尖叫聲。人工警報聲如警笛等,就
是利用這種聲音特性,模仿天然尖叫聲
的粗糙度,從而起到示警作用。
科學家們透過實驗以探索粗糙
度在「戰鬥或逃跑」反應機制中的
作用。他們測量了正常聲音和尖
叫聲的屬性,並通過腦部掃描觀
察人們對尖叫聲的反應。結果顯
示,粗糙度低的尖叫聲會引起較
低的恐懼反應;粗糙度高的發
聲,就算不是尖叫聲,也足以
激起較大的恐懼反應 [2]。換
句話說,恐懼反應的程度取決於
粗糙度。此外,大腦的情感中樞
杏仁核會被尖叫聲啟動。隨著粗糙
度的提高,受試者的反應也會變得更迅
速,並且可以更準確地將聲源定位。
求救信號的粗糙特質在人類進化上有重大意義,讓人
們更有效地應對危機,在惡劣的環境下生存。這方面的研
究將會讓我們更能了解溝通能力的進化過程,以及腦部如
何進化以應付恐懼。以相類手段研究動物的叫聲,也會讓
我們知道這特性如何呈現在不同的物種中。
Scientists experimented to test their hypothesis
for the role of roughness in triggering the fight-
or-flight response in humans. They measured the
sound properties of normal sounds versus those
of screams and observed MRI scans of subjects
listening to screams. The results showed that
low-roughness screams induced a lower fearful
response from subjects; while high-roughness
vocalisations (that were not necessarily screams)
provoked a heightened response of fear [2]. In
other words, the quality of roughness was the
sole determinant between the different levels of
response in fear. Additionally, the amygdala – the
emotional centre in the brain – was activated in
response to hearing screams. With a heightened
roughnes s i ndex , subj ect s were a l so
observed to react faster and were
more accurate in locating the
source of the sound.
The unique roughness
component of dist ress
s i g n a l s s e r ve s a s a n
efficient means of alerting
d a n g e r a n d c a r r i e s
evolutionary significance for
humans to increase their rate of
survival in adverse environments.
Research into this area also has
the potential to reveal information
on how communication evolved from
earlier times or how the brain evolved
to deal with fear. A similar investigation
could be extended to analyse animal shrieks to
gain information on how this trait is shared among
different species.
References
[1] Daniel, P., Weber, R. Psychoacoustical Roughness: Implementation of an Optimized Model (1997).
Signal Processing in Acoustics Volume 1
.
[2] Arnal, L. H., Flinker, A., Kleinschmidt, A., Giraud, A., Poeppel, D. Human occupy a privileged niche in the communication soundscape
(2015).
Current Biology
. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub
13