ORNL researchers developed a catalyst made of copper
nanoparticles (seen as spheres) embedded in carbon nanospikes
that can convert carbon dioxide into ethanol. (Photo credits: ORNL)
References
參考資料
[1] McCrokle, M. Nano-spike Catalysts Convert Carbon Dioxide
Directly into Ethanol.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(2016).
-
[2] Jeffrey, C. Reversing the Combustion Process to Convert CO
2
[3] Scharping, N. Nanospikes Convert Carbon Dioxide Back Into
5
arranging the copper nanoparticles similar to
a lightning rod formation, the surface area is
maximised (and therefore creates more reactive
sites for the reaction to take place). Each spike is
around 50 nanometers in length and the tips of
these spikes provide the most concentrated areas
for the reaction. The energy breaks the dissolved
carbon dioxide and reforms it as ethanol. The
researchers stated that this process is synonymous
to the reverse reaction of ethanol being split
into carbon dioxide and other molecules in the
presence of oxygen [3].
Advantages of the reaction are twofold. First,
the catalyst in question – copper – is inexpensive
and eas y to manufact u re, pa r t i cu l a r l y i n
comparison to more commonly seen catalysts
such as titanium dioxide. Due to its availability and
low cost, researchers suggest that their technique
to produce ethanol could be fine-tuned to be
commercially viable. Second, ethanol can be
used as an additive to gasoline that powers
vehicles, used in power generators, or as a fuel in
ethanol fuel cells.
Their technique still needs to be honed if
it were to become viable on the commercial
level. Production rate and efficiency need to be
increased and there is still much to study in the
catalyst’s behaviour. Excess atmospheric carbon
dioxide has posed a perplexing problem for
scientists for decades, but this technique offers a
low-cost, efficient solution to reversing the release
of carbon dioxide.
二
氧化碳排放導致全球氣溫上升,持續對環境造成
損害。全球暖化使海平面上升,給生態系統帶來不可預測的
變化。研究人員最近發現一種將二氧化碳高效轉化為乙醇的
方法,可以有效移除大氣中的二氧化碳,並有可能將其轉化為
有用的燃料。
美國橡樹嶺國家實驗室能源部的研究人員偶然發現了一
種電化學過程,運用納米技術和催化劑將二氧化碳轉化為可
以充當燃料的乙醇。
他們最初的目標是要製造一種石墨烯催化劑,應用在生
產燃料過程的第一個步驟,輔助二氧化碳轉化為甲醇,結果
卻是出奇地好。他們意識到這種催化劑其實是略過預設的步
驟,自行完成整個反應 [1]。 該項技術所用的銅催化劑是以
銅納米顆粒鋪設在矽表面而成。僅需以1.2V電壓將電流通過
溶解於水中的二氧化碳,就可以將63%的二氧化碳轉化為乙
醇。這化學反應可以在室溫進行,啟動或結束都容易,不會損
耗能量。這意味著從風力或太陽產生的間歇性再生能量,可
以通過這種能量轉換方式儲存。
科學家指出通常是難於以單一的催化劑來完成整個反
應 [2]。
該反應的關鍵似乎在於催化劑的操作和設計。雖然銅本
身不算是出色的催化劑,但將銅納米顆粒排列成類似避雷
針的結構後,表面積得到最大化(並因此而產生更多反應位
點)。每支針長約50 nm,針尖提供極度集中的條件讓反應
進行。注入的能量將溶解在水中的二氧化碳打碎並重組成為
乙醇。研究人員指出,這過程正是把乙醇在氧氣中被分解成
二氧化碳和其他分子的逆反應 [3]。
這反應具有兩方面優勢。首先,所討論的催化劑
—
銅,價
格低廉而且易於生產,尤其是相對更常見的催化劑如二氧化
鈦等而言。由於供應充足和成本低,這種生產乙醇的技術可
以改良為商用。其次,乙醇可以作為車用汽油的添加劑,也可
用於發動機或乙醇燃料電池。
不過,若要應用在商業層面上,這種技術仍需要多加改
進,提高生產率和效率;此外,對這種催化劑的行為也要作更
深入的研究。在過去數十年,科學家們為大氣中過剩的二氧
化碳煞費苦心,這種技術為逆轉二氧化碳的釋放,提供了一種
低成本、高效率的解決方案。