Science Focus ( issue 004 ) - page 17

for the regulation of the ci rcadian rhythm is
called melatonin, and its synthesis and release is
controlled by the light-dark cycle. This hormone
then regulates other biological processes to reset
the clock depending on whether the animal is
nocturnal or diurnal.
SCN is also responsible for the release of a
hormone known as vasopressin. The main target
of vasopressin is the neuroendocrine system (the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis), which
regulates numerous biological processes, such as
digestion, immune system and stress levels. Recent
studies have shown that most activity from the HPA
axis happens when light diminishes in nocturnal
organisms, whereas the opposite is true for diurnal
organisms [3]. This allows the organism to adjust to
the demands of the day’s actions.
Along with features made optimal for night
vision and sensitive hearing, nocturnal organisms
are well-adapted to lightless environments with
the help of nature’s custom designed biological
clocks. Intricate and complex systems in both
nocturnal and diurnal animals, circadian rhythms
are regulated by a whole host of factors and can
influence sleep-wake cycles, body temperature
and impor tant biological functions. Recent
research on this topic focuses a lot on identifying
the genes which dictate how nocturnal and
diurnal animals react to light stimuli, but much has
yet to be done to fully decipher these intricate
biological codes.
有生物的體內都存有生物時鐘,調控睡眠週期、
飲食習慣,以及多方面的生物機能。包括人類在內的晝行
動物主要是在白天活動,而夜行動物則活躍於夜間。夜行
動物的感知能力在晚間尤其突出,因此享有眾多優勢,更
重要的是可減少直接競爭食物。究竟,生物體內的時鐘是
受什麼機制調控的? 晝行生物和夜行生物的生理節律又有
什麼區別呢?
夜行動物通常具有更強的視力、聽力和嗅覺,以彌補
光線不足帶來的不便。它們有著特別的身體構造,例如:貓
頭鷹和蜂猴便擁有飛碟般的大眼睛,以接收最多的光線;
蝙蝠則會發出連續的高頻聲音,再藉回聲在黑暗中找到方
向。多數的夜行動物會於白天補充睡眠或梳理。晝行和夜
行動物的活動量均受晝夜週期所支配。
生物的晝夜週期約為24小時,是一個可以自我持續的
機制。除了能調節睡眠,它亦可影響動物的生理機能、內
分泌系統運作和行為,讓其可從有限資源中獲得最大的利
益。生物能夠預計每日食物的供應量和捕食壓力,再作出
相應行動。事實上,生物時鐘週期並非固定為24小時,可以
因應「授時因子」即是外界時間線索而調整,讓生物時鐘能
與地理時間同步。最重要的授時因子是光線的刺激,但日
常活動和食物攝入量也可以影響週期[1]。
雖然夜行和晝行動物的生理機制、新陳代謝和行為等
週期,表現出近乎完全相反的相位,兩者的晝夜代謝規律
基本上一致。控制它們晝夜週期的主時鐘都是位於下丘腦
的視交叉上核(SCN)[2]。負責調節晝夜節律的激素稱為
褪黑激素,而它的合成與釋放由光暗循環來控制。褪黑激
素可指示其他的生物過程根據動物是夜行性或是晝夜性
的, 將時鐘重置。
SCN則負責釋放稱為加壓素的激素。夜行和晝行生物
有不同的晝夜節律,是因為丘腦 - 垂體 - 腎上腺軸(HPA)
對加壓素的反應有所不同。HPA軸是神經內分泌系統的重
要部分,調控多種生物過程,例如:消化、免疫系統和壓力
水平。夜行動物的HPA軸會隨著光線減少而增加活躍度,
晝行動物則相反 [3]。生物可以通過這機制應付其日常運作
所需。
夜行動物擁有夜視能力和靈敏的聽覺,再加上配合晚
間活動的生物時鐘,可以有效適應無光的環境。無論是
夜行生物或晝行生物,晝夜節律都相當的複雜,亦主宰
多項的生物流程,比如睡眠循環、體溫等。近期研究集
中在辨識能夠影響夜行生物及晝行生物的基因,但了
解生物時鐘的整體設計,還須要大量的研究工作。
[2] Challet, E. “Minireview: Entrainment of the Suprachiasmatic
Clockwork in Diurnal and Nocturnal Mammals.” Endocrinology
(2007): 5648-655.
[3] Kalsbeek, Andries, Linda A.w. Verhagen, Ingrid Schalij, Ewout
Foppen, Michel Saboureau, Béatrice Bothorel, Ruud M. Buijs,
and Paul Pévet. “Opposite Actions of Hypothalamic Vasopressin
on Circadian Corticosterone Rhythm in Nocturnal versus Diurnal
Species.” European Journal of Neuroscience: doi: 10.1111.
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